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Lecture 4 — Memory

Consolidation

Hippocampus — binds the pieces of a new memory together and replays them to the cortex during sleep. slide 7
Timescale — a new memory is fragile at first and stabilises over hours to days. slide 8
Damage — with the hippocampus damaged, old memories survive but new long-term ones don't form. slide 9

Encoding

Encoding specificity — recall is best when the cues at retrieval match the cues present when you learned it. slide 12
Levels of processing — thinking about what something means makes it last longer than repeating it. slide 13
Testing effect — recalling something from memory strengthens it more than reading it again. slide 14
Spacing effect — reviews spread over days beat the same reviews crammed into one night. slide 15
Forgetting curve — most of what isn't reviewed fades within days; each review flattens the curve. slide 16

Card 1 of 3slide 7

What does the hippocampus do in memory consolidation?

From Lecture 4 — Memory · slide 7

Example · PSYC 1010Example · PSYC 1010 · Lecture 4 — Memory

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Tuesday
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- Lecture 4 — Memory.pptx32 slides
- Week 5 notes.pdf9 pages
Tuesday night
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Each point and card cites the slide it's from.
Lecture 4 — Memory
Encoding: forming a memory trace
Encoding specificity: recall is best when retrieval cues match the cues at learning
Context: same room, better recall
12
PSYC 1010 · Lecture 4
slide 12
What is encoding specificity?
Every day until the midterm
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Add the exam date. Today shows what's due.
1. Today3 min
2. Friday2 min
3. Saturday2 min
4. Sunday2 min
5. Monday2 min
6. Tuesday3 min
7. WednesdayMidterm
Review 18 cards · PSYC 10103 min
The weekend before
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Practice exam · 10 questions · timed
8 / 10 right
- Missed: Define encoding specificity.slide 12
- Missed: Why does spacing beat cramming?p. 14
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Answers cite the slide or page; anything else is marked General knowledge.
Question: How is encoding different from consolidation?
Answer: Encoding forms the memory trace; consolidation makes it last, over hours to days. slide 12 slide 6

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Works from your own slides
Kova Yes · Chatbots: Yes, upload each time · Flashcard apps: Some import notes
Cites the slide or page each card came from
Kova Yes · Chatbots: Sometimes, if asked · Flashcard apps: No
Practice exams from your own material
Kova Yes · Chatbots: If you ask · Flashcard apps: Some, from your cards
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Schedules daily review around your exam date
Kova Yes · Chatbots: No · Flashcard apps: Few know the date

How Kova compares with general AI chatbots and flashcard apps
Feature	Kova	AI chatbots	Flashcard apps
Works from your own slides	Yes	YesUpload each time	PartlySome import notes
Cites the slide or page each card came from	Yes	PartlySometimes, if asked	No
Practice exams from your own material	Yes	PartlyIf you ask	PartlySome, from your cards
Answers from your lectures, citing the page	Yes	PartlyUpload each time	No
Schedules daily review around your exam date	Yes	No	PartlyFew know the date

Based on typical apps in each group. “Partly” means with extra steps, or only in some apps.

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